WeeklyWorker

03.12.2020

Calling the shots

How was Covid-19 vaccine developed with such tremendous speed? Michael Roberts looks at the key role of the state

Before the Covid-19 pandemic engulfed the world, the big pharmaceutical companies invested very little in vaccines for global diseases and viruses. It was just not profitable.

Of the 18 largest US pharmaceutical companies, 15 had totally abandoned the field. Heart medicines, addictive tranquilisers and treatments for male impotence were profit leaders - not defences against hospital infections, emergent diseases and traditional tropical killers. A universal vaccine for influenza - that is to say, a vaccine that targets the immutable parts of the virus’s surface proteins - has been a possibility for decades, but never deemed profitable enough to be a priority. So, every year, we get vaccines that are only 50% efficient.

But the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the attitude of big pharma. Now there are billions to be made in selling effective vaccines to governments and health systems. And in double-quick time, a batch of apparently effective vaccines has emerged, with every prospect of them being available for people within the next three to six months - a record result.

There should be authorisation of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines by the year-end in the European Union. Vaccination against Covid-19 beyond high-risk groups is likely to be well underway across Europe by the spring, with a sufficiently large share of European populations vaccinated by the end of the summer. The UK has, of course, already taken the lead. The medicines regulator, the MHRA, gave its approval for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and the rollout is due to start early next week (with 40 million doses ordered, that is enough for 20 million patients).

The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was reported to have over 90% efficacy, while Moderna reported that its vaccine reduced the risk of Covid-19 infection by 94.5%. Among other leading vaccine developers, AstraZeneca is expected to release phase-three trial results by Christmas, with a number of others currently also conducting late-stage trials: Gamaleya, Novavax, Johnson and Johnson, Sanofi-GSK; as well as Russia’s Sputnik and China’s CanSino Biologics.

How was this possible so quickly? Well, it was not due to big pharma coming up with the scientific research solutions. It was down to some dedicated scientists working in universities and government institutes to produce the vaccine formulas. And that was made possible because the Chinese government quickly provided the necessary DNA sequences to analyse the virus. In sum, it was government money and public funds that delivered the medical solution.1

Basic research for US vaccines is done by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Defense Department and federally funded academic laboratories. The vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna rely heavily on two fundamental discoveries that emerged from federally funded research: the viral protein designed by the NIH; and the concept of ribonucleic acid (RNA) modification first developed at the University of Pennsylvania. In fact, Moderna’s founders in 2010 named the company after this concept: ‘Modified’ + ‘RNA’ = Moderna.

So its vaccine has not come out of nowhere. Moderna had been working on mRNA vaccines for years with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a part of the NIH. The agreement consisted of some level of funding from Moderna to the NIH, along with a roadmap for NIAID and Moderna investigators to collaborate on basic research into mRNA vaccines and the eventual development of such a vaccine.

The US government has poured an additional $10.5 billion into various vaccine companies since the pandemic began, to accelerate the delivery of their products. The Moderna vaccine emerged directly out of a partnership between Moderna and the NIH laboratory.

The US government - and two agencies in particular: the NIH and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) - has invested, heavily, in the vaccine’s development. BARDA is an arm of the Department of Health and Human Services, formed in 2006 in response to - wait for it - Sars-CoV-1 (and other health threats).2 It provides direct investment in technologies to firms,3 but also engages in public-private partnerships and coordinates between agencies. A specific part of BARDA’s mission is taking technologies through the ‘valley of death’ between creation and commercialisation.

For its part, the German government has ploughed funds into BioNTech to the tune of €375 million, with another €252 million made available to support development by CureVac. Germany also raised its contribution to the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) by €140 million and plans to provide an additional €90 million next year. CEPI was launched in Davos, Switzerland, in 2017 as an innovative global partnership between public, private, philanthropic and civil society organisations to develop vaccines to counter epidemics, and Germany pledged an annual €10 million over a four-year period to support the initiative. CureVac is one of nine institutes and companies commissioned by CEPI to conduct research into a Covid-19 vaccine. One of its shareholders is the government-owned Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) bank.

‘People’s vaccine’

But it is big pharma that develops the vaccine from the scientific work of public institutes. They call the shots. The drugs companies do the global clinical trials, then produce and market the result. Then they sell the vaccines to governments at huge profits. This is the way things were done before the pandemic - and now. In the US, in the 10-year period between 1988 and 1997, public-sector expenditures for vaccine purchases doubled from $100 to $200 per child through age six. The cumulative public-sector cost doubled again in less than five years between 1997 and 2001, from $200 to almost $400 per child.

Very little is still known about the terms of the Covid vaccine contracts that EU governments have signed with pharma groups, including AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Sanofi-GlaxoSmithKline and CureVac. But, once the secrecy is peeled away, what we will see is a massive privatisation of billions of dollars of government funds. It is reckoned that AstraZeneca has sold its jab to governments at about $3-$4 a dose, while the Johnson and Johnson shot and the vaccine jointly developed by Sanofi and GSK were priced at about $10 a dose. AstraZeneca has promised not to profit from its jab during the pandemic, but that applies only until July 2021. After that, it can cash in. US biotech Moderna is going to charge $37 a dose - or $50 to $60 for the two-shot course.

Coronavirus vaccines are likely to be worth billions to the drug industry if they prove safe and effective. As many as 14 billion vaccines would be required to immunise everyone in the world against Covid-19. If, as many scientists anticipate, vaccine-produced immunity wanes, then billions more doses could be sold as booster shots in years to come. And the technology and production laboratories seeded with the help of all this government largesse could give rise to other profitable vaccines and drugs.

So, although much of the pioneering work on mRNA vaccines was done with government money, the privately owned drug makers will walk away with big profits - while governments pay for the vaccines whose development they helped fund in the first place!

The lesson of the coronavirus vaccine response is that a few billion dollars a year spent on additional basic research could prevent a thousand times as much loss in death, illness and economic destruction. At a news conference US health advisor Anthony Fauci highlighted the spike protein work: “We shouldn’t underestimate the value of basic biology research,” Fauci said. Exactly. But, as many authors, such as Mariana Mazzacuto, have shown, state funding and research have been vital to the development of such products.4

What better lesson can we learn from the Covid vaccine experience than that the multinational pharma companies should be publicly owned, so that research and development can be directed to meet the health and medical needs of people, not the profits of these companies. Moreover, the necessary vaccines could then get to the billions in the poorest countries and circumstances, rather than to just those countries and people who can afford to pay the prices set by these companies.

“This is the people’s vaccine,” said corporate critic Peter Maybarduk, director of the Public Citizen’s Access to Medicines programme: “Federal scientists helped invent it and taxpayers are funding its development … It should belong to humanity.”5

Michael Roberts blogs at

thenextrecession.wordpress.com

  1. See scientificamerican.com/article/for-billion-dollar-covid-vaccines-basic-government-funded-science-laid-the-groundwork.↩︎

  2. nature.com/articles/nbt0207-179.↩︎

  3. phe.gov/about/barda/Documents/barda-strategic-plan.pdf.↩︎

  4. See https://marianamazzucato.com/entrepreneurial-state.↩︎

  5. See https://marianamazzucato.com/entrepreneurial-state.↩︎